Which access method reads or writes data one record at a time from the beginning to the end of the file?

Sequential File Access is the method that reads or writes data one record at a time from the beginning to the end of the file. This approach is based on a linear processing pattern, meaning that to access a particular piece of data, the system must start at the beginning of the file and work through each record sequentially until it reaches the target. This is particularly useful when large volumes of data are being processed in a predictable order, such as when reading logs or processing transactions.

In contrast, other methods like Direct File Access and Random Access allow for non-linear data retrieval, making it possible to jump to specific records without having to process others first. Indexed File Access utilizes an index to locate records but does not follow the linear path of reading through every record sequentially. Therefore, Sequential File Access is distinct in its method of data handling, making it simpler and more straightforward for scenarios where order is essential.